Russia, 1844

1844-51: 1 Troy Ounce Platinum (Mkt, retail) = (Fr 28.)

Citation: Industrie des métaux précieux ; Honoré Théodoric P.J. d' Albert (1854)



Where 1 Poud (officially: руб Kr. 4,746) had been calculated 137% higher than the Spot (руб Kr. 3,464) the Rouble Coins had depreciated almost 35%.

Assuming the Russian Platinum Yield at purity, the total value of Ru Pt product was 247,986 - 278,208 руб Kr ; platina Yield at 70%, total value was 173,590 - 194,795 руб Kr.

1844: 1 Troy Ounce Platinum (Russian Ingot: Mkt) = 6.58 руб Kr/ 6.48 руб Ag.

 
In 1827, Kancrin estimated the cost of Russian-produced Platinum @ 2.495 руб Banco per Zolotnik (= 0.67 руб Ag ) ; the coin-weight was 1.2360515 руб Pt per Zolotnik. 

1845: 1 Troy Oz. platina (Ru: Mkt) = 4.7527 - 5.3319 руб Kr. (USD$ 3.56 - 4.)
 

"With the introduction of platinum coins in 1828, the assumed metallic value was 1.236 руб per Zolotnik, or 4,746 Roubles per Poud.  As a result, this nominal value differs so greatly from the commercial value of the metal;  under such circumstances, in 1843 the Treasury took the question to council whether to continue minting Platinum coinage. In 1844 the difference was already calculated at 137% {3,464 Roubles per Poud} and in 1845, as  revealed that in the main markets (Paris, London, Hamburg) it was officially retracted that prices were fluctuating between of 2503-2808 Roubles per Poud. So instead of 1.236 руб per Zolotnik, the value was only 0.65- 0.74 руб and the government was induced, following on 9 February 1845 to meet the most supreme confirmed measures:"



Citation: Spink & Son , The Numismatic Circular, Vol. 15, May 1907 p. 9885:
"(Bei der Einführung der Platinmünze im Jahre 1828 wurde der Metallwert zu 4745 Rubel für das Pud angenommen. Im Jahre 1845 schwankten die Platinpreise auf den europäischen Hauptmärkten von 2503 bis 2808 Rubel für das Pud.)"

c.1844?

1828-44: 1 Troy Oz. Platinum (Russian Coin Rtae) = 9.01216 руб Ag
1844?: 1 Troy Oz. Platinum (SPb: Mkt) = 6.076203 руб Ag

  




Citation: The Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol 10, 1918


1842 Platina Yield: 124.263 Poud = 4,970.5 Funt =   65,442 Ozt.    = 2,035.48 Kgs
1843 Platina Yield: 213.757 Poud =  8,550.3 Funt = 112,574 Ozt.    = 3,501.4 Kgs  
1844 Platina Yield: 99.0763 Poud = 3,963.05 Funt = 52,178 Ozt. = 1,622.92 Kgs
1845 Platina Yield: 47.24 Poud =      1,889.55 Funt = 24,878 Ozt. =  773.79 Kgs
1846 Platina Yield:   1.1754 Poud =        47.015 Funt =     619 Ozt.     = 19.253 Kgs  
1847 Platina Yield:   0.474 Poud =          18.9583 Funt =   249.61 Ozt. =  7.764 Kgs 

USA, 1844: Dana's Minerology

From the Catalogue of Mathematical and Philosophical Instruments, Manufactured and Sold by James Green, No. 43 South Street Baltimore (1844), p.10: "Scrap Zinc and other Metals, Platina Wire, Sponge,..." unquoted.  
An unplated Platinum counterfeit Half-Eagle ($5) in the American Numismatic Society Collection weighs 8.27 g ; at full weight 8.359 g. and circulated 8.346 g.

The June 1844 US duties collected on Platinum manufactures from the UK was USD$ 925.

1840: 1 Troy Ounce Platinum (refined, UK retail) ~ USD$ 7.50

c. 1840-5: 1 Troy Ounce Platinum (semi-refined ingot) = USD$ 7.50 - 8.33

 

c. 1845 Dental Alloy
  


c.1845: full set of teeth, in Gold ~ USD$ 200.
 

Russian Coinage Experiment

...









...
...

Germany, 1844

Where 1 Berlin Loth = 0.47 English Troy Ounce,  1 Loth = Thlr 6.

1844: 1 Troy Ounce Platinum (Mfg: Crucible) = Rthlr. 12.768 (USD$ 8.75)

1844: 1 Ozt. Silver (Mfg) = Rthlr. 2.68 (USD$ 1.83)
   
US Platinum Price was ~100% higher.

Nr. 1947. J. F. Luhme und Comp., Fabrikanten in Berlin, hatten eine Auswahl verschiedener Instrumente und Apparate für Physiker, Chemiker, Pharmazeuten te. ausgestellt. Darunter sind besonders bemerkenswerth: eine Elektrifir-Maschine nach van Marum mit sechzehn zölliger Scheibe zu 50 Rthlrn; ein Auslader hiezu, Preis 2.5 Rthlr.; drei nach der Keilschen Methode gestrichene Magnete von 65, 90 und 175 Pfund Tragekraft, zusammen 85 Rthlr. kostend; zwei Luftpumpen mit Messingplatten und Doppelplatten zum Preise von 20 Rthlrn. das Stück; sechs verschiedene Eudiometer Röhren, nach Cubik-Centimeter getheilt, zum Preise von 30 Rthlrn.; sieben Platintiegel, zufammen 18 Loth wiegend, 108 Rthlrn.; zwei Schmelztiegel und eine Decoctpfanne von chemisch reinem Silber, 35.75 Loth wiegend, zum Preise von 45 Rthlrn.; eine pneumatische Wanne ans Glas, 10 Rthlr. Ferner zwei große gläferne Gasometer zu 12 und 20 Rthlrn., ein vollständiger Plattner'scher Löthrohrapparat zu 65 Rthlrn; verschiedene Schaalen und Tiegel mit dem Hammer getrieben und demnächst auf der Drehbank gedrückt, mehrere Kornzangen mit Platinschuh, gläserne Kropfeylinder, Pillenmörser aus Eisen nebst Pistillen, Spatel u. dergl. m.


"Further, a large platinum-zinc battery construction is owned, made by order of the High Finance Minister of said Institute. {...} For this purpose the seven cells (from 9 zoll high, 3.5 zoll in diameter) were arranged so that six stand circling the seventh, allowing the maximum use of space. The price of this apparatus was 200 Rthlr., but to note is that the value of the platinum used alone amounted to over 100 Rlhlr.  Smaller batteries with five elements available, for 20 Rthlrn. 

Notice # 1947: J. F. Luhme and Comp. Factory in Berlin, has issued a choice of instruments and apparatus for physicists, chemists, pharmacists etc.  Among them are particularly noteworthy: a Electrifier-Machine according to van Marum with 16-Zoll size disc for 50 Rthlrn; arc-conductor for 2.5 Rthlr and three to the wedge's method coated magnets 65, 90 and 175 pounds of carrying capacity, for 85 Rthlr. cost, two air pumps with brass plates and plates for double prices from 20 Rthlrn. the play and six different  Eudiometer tubes, divided by cubic centimeters, at a price of 30 Rthlrn; seven platinum crucibles, together weighing 18 Loths, 108 Rthlrn; two melting pot and a decocting-pan of chemically pure silver, weighing 35.75 loth, at the price of 45 Rthlrn;. a pneumatic trough in glass, 10 Rthlr. In addition, two large glass gasometers to 12 and 20 Rthlrn, a full Plattner'scher blowpipe shaker for 65 Rthlrn;. Driven several Schaal and pot with a hammer and soon pressed on the lathe, multiple forecepts with platinum tips, glass Kropf-cylinder, pill mortar made of iron together with Pestles, spatulas and the like m"

Prof. Osann in Würzburg, c. 1844 (In Bavarian Coin?)

1844: 1 Ozt. Platinum (Semi-Mfg) = Thlr.  (USD$ )

The platinum foils together weighed only 4.17 grams. The zinc cylinder was 6 Zoll 10 Linea high and 6 Zoll 6 Linea wide.  According to the current price, Thlr. 5. per Loth, this column platinum would cost almost Thlr. 1.5.


Citation: Journal für praktische Chemie, Vol. 39; Otto Linné Erdmann (1846) p.287

Citation: Amtlicher Bericht über die Allgemeine Deutsche Gewerbe ..., Vol. 2, Issue 1 ; Berlin Allgemeine deutsche gewerbe-ausstellung (1846) p.429


Gram Weights

5 Gramme Weight-Set : From 1 kilograms. to 1 Gr. in brass, the Gr. subdivision also in Platinum, and forks for lifting the weights, in mahogany box, Price: Thlr. 16.

Citation: Ausführlicher Bericht über die große, allgemeine deutsche Gewerbe; Amand. Ferd Neukrantz (1844) p.281




Where the Prussian Pfund was 467.711 g and assuming a current price, the Russian platina price follows:

c.1846: 1 Troy Ounce Platinum (semi-mfg) = Fl 13.30 (USD$ 5.17)

Citation: Technologische Hand-Encyklopädie ; Christoph Bernoulli (1850) p154

c. 1846 Unknown quanitity

The German-cited Paris Price does not include tariffs, transport nor and merchant profit for goods sold in Germany.  Here, the Fine Silver Price comparison is not clearly equivalent for similar manufactured goods (in Germany?) ; 1844 Paris Prices for Platinum- and Silverware appear to be only 3.33x different. 

1844: 1 Ozt. Platinum (Paris: Bulk, Intrinsic) = Thlr. 7.916 (USD$ 5.54) 

Arbeiten aus Platin.

In der technischen Bearbeitung des Platins sind bekanntlich die Franzosen noch unerreicht; und wenngleich die Anwendungen der Platingegenstände nicht zahlreich und ausgebreitet sind, so wächst dagegen das Verdienst durch die Schwierigkeiten, welchen die Herstellung des Materials in recht fehlerlosem Zustande unterliegt. In dieser Beziehung bleibt namentlich die Platinfabrikation Rußlands, die noch dazu einzig auf Münzen beschränkt ist, gegen die Pariser zurück.

Bernauda in Paris (Quai des Orfevres, 32) hatte Tabakdosen von (Gold und) Platin, Räucherbecken, Kettchen, Ringe, Uhrschlüssel, ferner Schalen und Tiegel zu chemischem Gebrauche, aus Platin gearbeitet, ausgestellt. Die erwähnten Schmuck- und Luxus-Artikel finden, bei der unansehnlichen Farbe des Platins, begreiflicher Weise wenig Eingang; desto unentbehrlicher sind die chemischen Geräthschaften von Platin.

Von Desmoutis, Morin et Chapuis in Paris (Rue Richelieu, 31, und rue Montmartre, 64), der ältesten und bedeutendsten Fabrik in Platin-Artikeln, war eine große, 200 Liter fassende, Destillirblase nebst Zugehör, zur Rektifikation der Schwefelsäure vorhanden; die Blase selbst aus einem einzigen Stück getrieben, die Arbeit durchgehend« von der höchsten Vollkommenheit. Preis 40,000 Franken. Außerdem kleine Schalen, Tiegel, Löffel ic. zum chemischen Gebrauche. Die Fabrik berechnet gegenwartig das Kilogramm verarbeiteten Platins zu 1000 Franken (das Loth kölnisch zu 3 Thlr. 2l Ggr. 7 Pf, was beinahe das 4.5 fache vom Preise des feinen Silbers ist); dazu kommt noch ein mäßiger Aufschlag für die Facon.

In the technical processing of platinum, the French are known to still unmatched; and although the applications of platinum objects are not numerous and spread out, so, however, the merit grows through difficulties, which is subject to the production of the material in quite flawless condition. In this respect remains notably the platinum fabrication of Russia, which is still limited to only on coins, against the Paris back.

Bernauda in Paris (Quai des Orfèvres, 32) had worked snuff-boxes of (Gold and) Platinum, censers, bracelets, rings, watch key, further trays and crucibles for chemical-use, platinum issued,. The mentioned jewelery and luxury items find, at the unsightly color of platinum, understandably little input; more indispensable are the chemical implements of platinum.

From Desmoutis, Morin et Chapuis in Paris (Rue Richelieu, 31, and rue Montmartre, 64), the oldest and most important factory for platinum articles, was a large, 200-liter, Destillirblase together with appurtenances, available for rectification of sulfuric acid; even driven the bubble of a single piece, the work throughout of the prime. Price Fr. 40,000. In addition, small bowls, jars, spoons etc. for chemical use. The factory presently calculated processed platinum at Fr. 1,000 per kilogram (per Köln Loth for Thlr. 3.71944, or nearly 4.5 fold the prices of Fine Silver.); it also includes a moderate fee for handwork.

Citation: Mittheilungen des Gewerbevereins für das Königreich Hannover: 1844/45 (1845) p.145

Bavaria, c.1844: Platinum calculated at the same Russian Silver rate (1828) for coinage

The first customer was the [Russian] government. From the years 1825 to 1843, delivery of the whole platinum yield to the Crown was required. The price was 60 kopecks per Solotnik initially, or 302 Marks per kilogram, with an additional 10 to 12 percent in taxes deducted. Three years later [1828] the price rose to 494.5 Marks per kilogram and the end of Coinage Period (1843) to 623.2 Marks. Until the appearance Matthey, the price then dropped almost to zero.

Later estimation:
1828 - 1844: 1 Troy Ounce Platinum (Rouble Coin-Rate) = ℳ 19.28

 

1844: Platinum coinage/trade in Hungary

Citation: The Westminster Review, Vol. 55 (April 1851) p.105

France, 1844: Chapuis & Military Item Expenditure

1844: 1 Troy Ounce Platinum (Russian Ingot: European Mkts) = Fr 26.684
 
c.1843: 1 Troy Oz. Platinum (mfg, producer) = Fr  31.1 (USD$ 5.88)


1845:  1 Troy Oz. Platinum (semi-mfg., whols.)  = Fr. 40.43 - 46.65 (USD$ 7.99 - 9.) 

December 1844: Nicolas Louis Vauquelin's Catalogue (?)



1844/5: 1 Troy Ounce platina (Ore 75%, Retail) = Fr 24.88 (USD$ 4.41)
1844/5: 1 Ozt. Pt (Ore @.999, Ret.) = Fr 33.18 (USD$ 6.01) 
1844/5: 1 Ozt. Platinum (Refined, Retail) = Fr 34.21 (USD$ 6.20)



1844/5: 1 Ozt. Osmiridium (Ore, Retail) = Fr 46.66 (USD$ 8.45)



1844/5: 1 Ozt. Platinous Chloride (PtCl2, Ret.) = Fr 31.103 (USD$ 5.88)




June, 1844: Desmoutis, Morin & Chapuis Still (Capacity: 200 Liters; Cost: Fr 40,000.). At Fr 31.1/oz., Platinum still costing Fr 40,000 weighed about 1,286 troy ounces.
The volume is the same as the 1820 Cuoq & Couturier still.

1 Kilogram Platinum = Thlr. 254.90 (= Fr. 892.) plus workmanship (~ Fr. 100)

The manufacture per kilogram processed Platinum is calculated at present Fr. 1,000. (the Loth kölnisch to Thlr 3.7243, nearly 4.5 times the price of fine Silver) with moderate addition on the workmanship.

1845: 1 Ozt. Platinum (Manufactured, Bulk) = Fr 31.103 (USD$ 5.88)

Citation: Mittheilungen des Gewerbevereins für das Königreich Hannover, Parts 35-43; Gewerbe-Verein für das Königreich Hannover (1845) p.118


c. 1844, perhaps earlier:
The purity of the ore (annual avg? 5,916 English Troy Ounces) processed in the Seine Department was 65.61; this would account for somewhere between 1/10th and 1/20th the annual Russian production.

1844/5: 1 Ozt. platina (Ore 70%, Cartagena?) = Fr 10.11 (USD$ 1.83)
1844/5: 1 Ozt. Pt (Ore @.999) = Fr 14.42 (USD$ 2.61)
1844/5: 1 Ozt. Pt (Producer Cost, .999) ~ Fr 14.42 (USD$ 2.61) 
 
1844/5: 1 Ozt. Pt (Paris: Refined Sponge) = Fr 28. (USD$ 5.07) 

Citation: Leçons de chimie élémentaire: appliquées aux arts industriels; Jean Girardin (1846) p.498


Russian production of platina, in English Troy Ounces

At the New York Exhibition of 1853:

According to the French military expenditure price list, Platinum was 3x more expensive than Silver and about 1/4 the price of Gold.  

Decomposition Apparatus (w/ Platinum) was Fr 12 ;


1844: 1 Troy Oz. Platinum (Mfg.)  = Fr 31.1 (USD$ 5.88) 
1844: 1 Troy Oz. Platinum (2nd?)  = Fr 24.88 (USD$ 4.70) 
1844: 1 Troy Oz. Platinum (Scrap, Bid)  = Fr 18.66 (USD$ 3.53) 

1844: 1 Troy Oz. Gold (mfg.)  = Fr 116.63 (USD$ 22.46)

1844: 1 Troy Oz. Silver (Mfg.)  = Fr 9.33 (USD$ 1.80) 
1844: 1 Troy Oz. Silver (2nd?)  = Fr 7.78 (USD$ 1.50) 
1844: 1 Troy Oz. Silver (Scrap, Bid)  = Fr 6.22 (USD$ 1.20) 


Citation: Journal militaire officiel (1845) pp.

Colombia, 1843/5

DSQ

Assuming estimated total PM yield was consistent (16.0408% platina), the Total Colombian Platina Yield was 1,067.5 Libras (taxed) + 1,067.5 Libras (untaxed) = 2,135 Libras.

1845: Where 1,067.50 Libras (= 15,755.33 Ozt.) x C$40./Libra = C$42,700., so

1845: 1 Troy Oz. Pt (Local Spot: Colombian ore, .999) = C$ 2.71
1845: 1 Ozt. Au (Colombian ore, .999) = C$ 16.09178

Industria.—... Apesar del mal estado del ramo i de la imperfeccion de los trabajos, la produccion ha sido en el último año de 941 libras 3 castellanos 6 tomines de oro i de 1,067.50 libras de platina, que al precio actual de 237 pesos 4 reales el oro, i de 40 pesos la platina, hacen la cantidad de 266.195 pesos 1 reales. Agregándose la estraccion clandestina del oro, cuyo minimum se calcula prudencialmente en el diplo de la cantidad espresada, i la de la platina, para la que no es forzoso ni jeneral sacar guia; puede asegurarse que realmente hai una produccion anual de 532.390 pesos 2.5 reales. Con el objeto de fomentar la mineria indica el Gobernadora la Cámara la conveniencia de que solicite de la Lejislatura algunas esenciones, como la de la conscripcion para el ejèrcito a todos los individuos que se dediquen a esta profesion, i la de con los empresilures se concierten precisamente El comercio con el estranjero ha aeca … siderablemente por la preferencia que se ha dado al transito por Panamá para las introducciones al Cauca por el puerto de Buenaventura; pero el Gobernador abriga la esperanza de que, abierto el camino de Tamanà i compuesto el del Istmo de San Pablo hasta la boca de la quebrada de Rapadura, vuelva el comercio al pie floreciente que àntes tenia.

Despite the poor state of the branch and the imperfection of the works, the production has been in the last year of 941.0375 Libras of Gold, and 1,067.50 Libras of platina, that at the current gold price of C$237.50/Libra, and of C$40/Libra for platina, amounts to C$ 266,195.125. Adding the clandestine extraction of gold, whose minimum is calculated prudentially in the amount of the expressed quantity, and that of the platina, for which it is not necessary nor general to draw a guide; you can make sure that there really is an annual production of C$532,390.3125. In order to promote mining the Governor indicates the convenience of requesting from the Legislature some exemptions, such as the conscription for the army to all the individuals who dedicate themselves to this profession, and that of the entrepreneurs Precisely Trade with the foreigner has taken place ... considerably due to the preference that has been given to transit through Panama for introductions to Cauca through the port of Buenaventura; but the Governor hopes that, open the path of Tamanà and composed that of the Isthmus of San Pablo until the mouth of the ravine of Rapadura, return the trade to the flowering foot that before had.


Citation: Gaceta oficial, (1/25/1846) Issue 778 Trm. 58:




1845/6: Where 744.55 Libras (= 10,988.88 Ozt.) x C$ 50./Libra = C$37,227.50, so

1845/6: 1 Troy Oz. Pt (Black Mkt Export: Colombian ore, .999) ~ C$ 3.39
1845/6: 1 Ozt. Au (Colombian ore, .999) = C$ 16.092

Industria y comercio—La industria progresa; {July 1845-June 1846} ... Se han fundido en las respectivas oficinas 1,032 libras 58 castellanos 5 tomines de oro, que valen, segun lo calcula el Gobernador, 245,239 pesos, 1.75 reales, calculando tambien que alcanza á doble cantidad el extraido furtivamente para el extranjero, de manera que se hn sacado del pais, por contrabando, mui cerca de medio millon de pesos en oro, indemas el valor de 744 libras 55 castellanos de platina, que se estima en cincuenta pesos cada libra.

The industry progresses; ... They have melted in the respective offices 1,032.58125 Libras of gold, that are worth, according to calculates the Governor, C$ 245,239.21875, calculating also that it reaches to double quantity the extracted furtively for the foreigner, so that have been taken out of the country, for contraband, very close to half a million pesos in gold, indems the value of 744.55 Libras of platina, estimated at C$ 50./ per Libra.

Citation: Gaceta oficial, (11/6/1846) Issue 830 Trm. 62, p.43:

 
An October 1846 storm hit Havana, sank a Liverpool vessel with 1,372 ounces of platina.

8/31/1846: Where 79.2 Libras (= 1,169 Ozt.) x ~C$59.66/Libra = C$ 4,725, so

8/31/1846: 1 Ozt. Pt (Tariff Export Price: Colombian ore, .999) = C$ 4.04

Where 6,272.32 Troy Ounces were valued at S$ 29,440,

"...for 29,440 pesos silver ore for 18,264 pesos platinum (424 lbs 98 Castellanos)."

Where 424.98 Libras =7,765 Ozt @ C$ 18,264.8125

1843: 1 Troy Oz. platina (ore, 75%) = C$ 2.3524
1843: 1 Troy Oz. Pt (Colombian ore, .999) = C$ 3.1365

1843:  Republishing US data (not a German marc weight)  
Where (£ = $6.25) C$ 1,473,906 was £ 235,825 at £ 4.2477 per ozt Fine Au, the Colombian Gold Yield was 55,518 ozt (~1,727 kgs) - therefore, platina was ~ 11.30% the Gold Yield.

Citation: Handbuch der erdkunde: Th. Handbuch der Lhander- und Staatenkunde von Asien ... Gustav Adolph von Kloeden (1846)p.958

In 1844, the Cartagena forex was £ 1. = C$ 5.30 - 5.40 & USD$ 4.80; US Federal Money was 10% more valuable than C$.  (There also appeared to be a huge discrepancy between the intrinsic value of local Gold Dust and foreign coin.)  The libra was 14.792 troy ounces, so in 1844, 6,271.81 English Troy Ounces were exported ; in 1845, 7,995 English Troy Ounces were exported.  The export price had risen 18.68% in one year.

1844: 1 Troy Ounce platina (Cartagena: ore) = C$ 2.91 (USD$ 2.64; £ 0.55)

1845: 1 Troy Oz platina (Cartagena:ore) = C$ 3.46 (USD$ 3.13; £ 0.65)

1844: 1 Troy Oz. platina (intrinsic) ~ C$  3.64 (USD$ 3.30; £ 0.69)

1845: 1 Troy Oz platina (intrinsic) ~ C$ 4.32 (USD$ 3.91 ; £ 0.82)

17,304.3 troy ounces of Silver ore were exported at ~ USD$ 0.54 per oz., less than half the US Mint rate for assayed pure metal.   

Citation: Commercial tariffs and regulations: resource and trade, of the ..., Parts 16-19; John Macgregor (1846) p.323

The USD$ apparently traded w/ 3-4% premium over the Colombian Silver Peso rate.

1843: 1 Troy Oz. Gold (Cartagena: Dust)  = C$ 16.90 - 17.71
1843: 1 Troy Oz. Gold (Cartagena: Dust)  = £ 3.38 - 3.58 (USD$ 16.22 - 17.20)





1843: Instability of platina price.



1843: Extensive contraband trade may have depressed platina prices.

1837:

1845: in exchange with the Belgian Franc, the value of the Colombian piastre/peso

1845: in exchange with the French Franc, the intrinsic value of the piastre/peso fuerte

1840: 1 Troy Oz. Gold (Colombia: Coined)  = USD$ 18.00
1840: 1 Troy Oz. Silver (Colombia: Coined)  = USD$ 1.158
 

Citation: A Treatise on Currency and Banking  ; Condy Raguet (1840) p.179

 

Circa 1848/9, perhaps earlier: In Leipzig Pfund/Center, where Colombia & Brazil annually produced 9,021 English Troy Ounces, Russia yielded 6.5x more platina.





Where 18,000 Spanish marcos = 9,000 libras and "years of peace" (1843-1825=18), the estimated annual Gold production of "New Granada" was 500 libras.



Rainy/Dry Seasons: